Reliability-as-a-Service Usage of Electric Vehicles: Suitability Analysis for Different Types of Buildings

Abstract

The use of electric vehicles (EVs) to provide different grid services is becoming possible due to the increased penetration levels, mileage efficiencies, and useable battery sizes of EVs. One such application is providing reliability-as-a-service (RaaS) during short-term power outages. Instead of using a dedicated backup power source, EVs can be contracted to provide RaaS, which is an environmentally friendly solution with benefits for both building owners and EV owners. However, the presence of EVs at a particular location during different hours of the day and the availability of energy from EVs is uncertain. Therefore, in this study, a suitability analysis is performed concerning the use of EVs to provide RaaS for different types of buildings. First, the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) survey data are used to estimate driver behavior, such as arrival/departure times, daily mileage, and traveling duration. Then, the usable battery size and mileage efficiency of EVs is extracted from the database of commercially available EVs. Based on these parameters, the daily energy consumption and available energy of EVs to provide RaaS are estimated. A suitability analysis is conducted for residential, commercial/industrial, and mixed buildings for both weekdays and holidays. The participation ratio of EV owners is varied between 10 and 90%, and nine cases are simulated for commercial/industrial buildings and multi-unit residential buildings. Similarly, the ratio of home-based EVs is varied between 5 and 50%, and 10 cases are tested for mixed buildings. The analysis shows that mixed buildings are the most suitable, while commercial/industrial buildings are the least suitable for using EVs to provide RaaS. To this end, an index is proposed to analyze and determine the desired ratio of EVs to be contracted from homes and workplaces for mixed buildings. Finally, the impact of EV fleet size on the available energy for RaaS is also analyzed.